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the northern part of the country

  • 1 northern

    adjective (of the north or the North.) del norte
    northern adj norte / del norte
    tr['nɔːðən]
    1 del norte, septentrional
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    Northern Lights aurora boreal
    northern ['nɔrðərn] adj
    : norte, norteño, septentrional
    adj.
    • abajino, -a adj.
    • boreal adj.
    • norteño, -a adj.
    • nórtico, -a adj.
    • septentrional adj.
    'nɔːrðərn, 'nɔːðən
    adjective <region/country> del norte, septentrional, norteño, nortino (Chi, Per)

    the northern states — ( in US) los estados del norte

    Northern Europe — Europa septentrional, el Norte de Europa

    ['nɔːðǝn]
    1.
    ADJ del norte, norteño, septentrional

    the northern part of the island — la parte norte or septentrional de la isla

    in northern Spain — al norte or en el norte de España, en la España septentrional

    2.
    CPD

    the northern hemisphere N — el hemisferio norte, el hemisferio boreal

    Northern Ireland N — Irlanda f del Norte

    * * *
    ['nɔːrðərn, 'nɔːðən]
    adjective <region/country> del norte, septentrional, norteño, nortino (Chi, Per)

    the northern states — ( in US) los estados del norte

    Northern Europe — Europa septentrional, el Norte de Europa

    English-spanish dictionary > northern

  • 2 northern

    ['nɔːðən]
    adj
    северный, относящийся к северу, обращённый на север, относящийся к северу, выходящий на север
    - northern towns
    - northern circle
    - northern lights
    - northern wind
    - northern seas
    - northern side of the building doesn't get sun
    USAGE:
    Русскому прилагательному северный соответствует английское прилагательное northern и существительное north в атрибутивном употреблении в основном как часть имен собственных - названий стран, морей, административных территорий: North America Северная Америка; North Africa Северная Африка; the North Sea Северное море; North Wales Северный Уэльс. Прилагательное northern употребляется в свободных словосочетаниях: a northern accent северный говор/северное произношение; the northern part of the country северная часть страны; to move in the northern direction двигаться в северном направлении. Такое же противопоставление характерно для названий остальных стран света - western и West, eastern и East, southern и South

    English-Russian combinatory dictionary > northern

  • 3 septemtrional

    northern part of a country/region, the North

    Latin-English dictionary > septemtrional

  • 4 septentrional

    northern part of a country/region, the North

    Latin-English dictionary > septentrional

  • 5 Dance

       The history of Portuguese dance includes traditional, regional folk dances, modern dance, and ballet. Portuguese folk dances have historic origins in the country's varied regions and are based on traditions associated with the historic provinces. At least by the 18th century, these folk dances, performed in traditional garb, were popular and became differentiated by region. In the south of the country, there were colorful, passionate lively dances by rural folk in the Algarve, the corridinho; and in the Ribatejo, the fandango, the dance most celebrated and known outside Portugal. In northern Portugal, even more folk dances were developed and preserved in each historic province. In Trás-os-Montes, there were the chulas and dancas do pauliteros, in which dancers used sticks and stick play. Each region had its own special folk dances and costumes, with typical jewelry on display, and with some dances reflecting regional courting and matrimonial traditions. Perhaps richest of all the provinces as the home of folk dance has been the Minho province in the northwest, with dances such as the viras, gotas, malháo, perim, and tirana. For the most part, folk dances in Portugal are slower than those in neighboring Spain.
       Various factors have favored the preservation of some of these dances including local, regional, and national dance organizations that, for recreation, continue this activity in Portugal, as well as abroad in resident Portuguese communities in Europe, the Americas, and Africa. As a part of entertainment for visitors and tourists alike, performances of folk dances with colorful costumes and lively movements have continued to interest onlookers from abroad. Such performances, usually accompanied by singing traditional folk songs, can occur in a variety of settings including restaurants, fado houses, and arenas. Such dances, too, are performed in traditional, commemorative parades on the Tenth of June from Lisbon and Oporto to Newark, New Jersey, Toronto, and France.
       In modern dance activities, Portugal has made a diversified contribution, and in recent decades ballet has received intense attention and commitment as a performing art. An outstanding example has been the professional company and its performances of the notable Ballet Gulbenkian, established and financed by the Gulbenkian Foundation in Lisbon. Founded in 1964, Ballet Gulbenkian became an outstanding ballet company, featuring both Portuguese and international ballet dancers and directors. For decades, Ballet Gulbenkian made a distinguished contribution to the performing arts in Portugal. In 2005, unexpectedly and controversially, by fiat of the Foundation's administration, the Ballet Gulbenkian was closed down. The extinction of this ballet company provoked strong national and international protest among fans of ballet, and amounting as it did to a crisis in one division of the performing arts in a country that had expected unstinting financial support from the Foundation established from the financial legacy of notable collector, philanthropist, and financier Calouste Gulben- kian, a resident of Portugal from 1942 to 1955.
        See also Music.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Dance

  • 6 северная часть страны

    northern part of the country имя существительное:

    Русско-английский синонимический словарь > северная часть страны

  • 7 norte

    adj.
    north, northern.
    viento norte north wind
    en la mitad norte del país in the northern half of the country
    partieron con rumbo norte they set off northwards
    m.
    1 north (geography).
    viento del norte north wind
    ir hacia el norte to go north(wards)
    el norte de España northern Spain, the north of Spain
    está al norte de Madrid it's (to the) north of Madrid
    2 goal, objective (objetivo).
    perder el norte to lose one's bearings o way
    3 guide.
    * * *
    1 north
    2 (viento) northerly wind
    3 figurado (dirección, sentido) direction; (objetivo) aim
    \
    perder el norte to lose sight of one's objectives, lose one's way
    sin norte aimless
    norte magnético magnetic North
    * * *
    1. noun m. 2. adj.
    * * *
    1.
    ADJ [región] northern; [dirección] northerly; [viento] north

    la zona norte de la ciudad — the northern part of the city, the north of the city

    2. SM
    1) (=punto cardinal) north
    2) [de región, país] north
    3) (=viento) north wind
    4) (=meta) aim, objective

    perder el norte — to lose one's way, go astray

    5) Caribe (=Estados Unidos) ≈ United States
    6) Caribe (=llovizna) drizzle
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo invariable < región> northern

    en la parte norte del país — in the northern part o the north of the country

    la costa/el ala norte — the north coast/wind

    II
    a) (parte, sector)
    b) ( punto cardinal) north, North
    c) ( rumbo)
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo invariable < región> northern

    en la parte norte del país — in the northern part o the north of the country

    la costa/el ala norte — the north coast/wind

    II
    a) (parte, sector)
    b) ( punto cardinal) north, North
    c) ( rumbo)
    * * *
    norte1
    1 = north.

    Ex: Short-loans could move adjacent to the main issue desk at the south by moving furniture, or at the north by rearranging the catalogue.

    * al extremo norte = northernmost.
    * al norte de = north of.
    * al norte del estado = upstate.
    * Carolina del Norte = North Carolina.
    * Corea del Norte = North Korea.
    * del norte = northern, Hyperborean.
    * derecho hacia al norte = due north.
    * directamente hacia el norte = due north.
    * en dirección norte = northbound.
    * en el norte del estado = upstate.
    * Europa del norte = northern Europe.
    * exactamente al norte = due north.
    * hacia el norte = northbound.
    * Hemisferio Norte, el = Northern Hemisphere, the.
    * Irlanda del Norte = Northern Ireland.
    * Mar del Norte, el = North Sea, the.
    * norte de América = northern America.
    * norte de Europa = northern Europe.
    * norte del Pacífico = North Pacific.
    * OTAN (Organización del Tratado del Atlántico Norte) = NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation).
    * Polo Norte, el = North Pole, the.

    norte2
    2 = sense of purpose, goal.
    Nota: Línea fundamental de actuación que un servicio bibliotecario pretende conseguir y que generalmente se descompone en objetivos particulares.

    Ex: This article argues that those in leadership roles bear a special responsibility for creating a sense of purpose in the organisation.

    Ex: Karen set the theme in her keynote address that booksellers, publishers and librarians often have different goals and perceptions.
    * perder el norte = be off course, fly off + course.
    * sin norte = aimless, off course, rudderless.

    * * *
    [ Vocabulary notes (Spanish) ] ‹región› northern
    en la parte norte del país in the northern part of the country, in the north of the country
    iban en dirección norte they were heading north o northward(s), they were heading in a northerly direction
    la costa norte de África the north coast of Africa
    la cara norte de la montaña the north o northern face of the mountain
    el Atlántico norte the North Atlantic
    (parte, sector): el norte the north
    en el norte del país in the north of the country
    viven al norte de Matagalpa they live (to the) north of Matagalpa
    está en el norte de África it is in North Africa
    la aguja señala hacia el/al Norte the needle points north
    vientos flojos del Norte light northerly winds, light winds from the north
    estas avenidas van de Norte a Sur these avenues run north-south
    caminaron hacia el Norte they walked north o northward(s)
    la casa da/está orientada al norte the house faces north
    está más al norte it's further north
    3
    (meta): su único norte es progresar en su carrera his sole aim is to further his career
    el norte que guía nuestros pasos the light which guides our steps ( liter)
    perder el norte de la realidad to lose sight of reality
    4
    Norte ( Pol): el Norte the North
    diálogo Norte-Sur North-South dialogue
    5
    * * *

    Multiple Entries:
    N.    
    norte
    N. (
    ◊ norte) North, N

    norte adjetivo invariable ‹ región› northern;

    ‹costa/ala› north ( before n);
    ◊ iban en dirección norte they were heading north o northward(s)

    ■ sustantivo masculino
    north, North;
    al norte de Matagalpa to the north of Matagalpa;
    vientos del Nnorte northerly winds;
    caminaron hacia el Nnorte they walked north o northward(s);
    la casa da al norte the house faces north
    norte sustantivo masculino
    1 north: está en el norte de España, it is in the north of Spain
    2 (viento) north wind
    3 (meta, aspiración) aim, goal
    ♦ Locuciones: perder el norte, to lose one's bearings o to be at a loss (about what to do): ha perdido el norte, ya no sabe qué hacer, he's lost his bearings, he doesn't know how to go on

    ' norte' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    América
    - barrer
    - Corea del Norte
    - darse
    - estar
    - feudo
    - Irlanda
    - limitar
    - mirar
    - orientar
    - OTAN
    - polo
    - señalar
    - hemisferio
    - ladera
    - moro
    - N.
    - Norteamérica
    - norteamericano
    - por
    - rumbo
    - tomar
    English:
    blow
    - equator
    - extend
    - N
    - NATO
    - north
    - North America
    - North Korea
    - North Pole
    - northern
    - Northern Ireland
    - northward
    - Pole
    - prospect
    - sea
    - tell
    - to
    - up
    - aimless
    - direction
    - due
    - face
    - -facing
    - head
    - northerly
    - pole
    - trouble
    - true
    - uptown
    * * *
    ♦ adj inv
    [posición, parte] north, northern;
    viento norte north wind;
    la cara norte de la montaña the north face of the mountain;
    la costa norte the north coast;
    habrá tiempo soleado en la mitad norte del país it will be sunny in the northern half of the country;
    partieron con rumbo norte they set off northwards;
    un frente frío que se desplaza en dirección norte a cold front moving north o northwards
    ♦ nm
    1. [zona] north;
    está al norte de Santiago it's (to the) north of Santiago;
    la fachada da al norte the front of the building faces north;
    viento del norte north wind;
    habrá lluvias en el norte (del país) there will be rain in the north (of the country);
    ir hacia el norte to go north(wards);
    el Norte de África North Africa
    norte geográfico true north;
    el norte magnético magnetic north
    2. Pol
    el Norte [mundo desarrollado] the North
    3. Am
    el Norte [Estados Unidos] the United States
    4. [punto cardinal] north
    5. [viento] north wind
    6. [objetivo] goal, objective;
    perder el norte to lose one's bearings o way
    7. PRico [llovizna] drizzle
    * * *
    m north;
    al norte de north of;
    perder el norte fig lose one’s way
    * * *
    norte adj
    : north, northern
    norte nm
    1) : north
    2) : north wind
    3) meta: aim, objective
    * * *
    norte n north

    Spanish-English dictionary > norte

  • 8 उत्तर _uttara

    1
    उत्तर a. [उद्-तरप्]
    1 Being or produced in the north, northern (declined like a pronoun).
    -2 Upper, higher P.I.1.34 (opp. अधर); उत्तरे-अधरे दन्ताः Śat. Br.; अवनतोत्तरकायम् R.9.6; P.II.2.1.
    -3 (a) Later-latter, following, subsequent (opp. पूर्व); पूर्वमेघः, उत्तरमेघः, ˚मीमांसा; उत्तरार्धः &c. ˚रामचरितम् later adventures of Rāma U.1.2; पूर्वः उत्तरः former-latter H.1.9; एतानि मान्यस्थानानि गरीयो यद्यदुत्तरम् Ms.2.136. (b) Future; concluding; ˚कालः subsequent time; ˚फलम्; ˚वचनम् a reply.
    -4 Left (opp. दक्षिण).
    -5 Superior, chief, excellent; dominant, power- ful. आनयेङ्गुदिपिण्याकं चीरमाहर चोत्तरम् Rām.2.13.2; वाद्यमानेषु तूर्येषु मल्लतारोत्तरेषु च Bhāg.1.42.36.
    -6 Exceeding, transgressing, beyond; तर्कोत्तराम् Mv.2.6.
    -7 More, more than (generally as the last member of a comp. with numerals); षडुत्तरा विंशतिः 26; अष्टोत्तरं शतं 18; दशनागबलाः केचित् केचिद्दशगुणोत्तराः Rām.5.43.22.
    -8 Accompanied or attended with, full of, consisting chiefly of, followed by (at the end of comp.); राज्ञां तु चरितार्थता दुःखोत्तरैव Ś.5; चषकोत्तरा R.7.49; अस्रोत्तर- मीक्षिताम् Ku.5.61; उत्सवोत्तरो मङ्गलविधिः Dk.39,166; K.311; H.1.15; प्रवाल ˚पुष्पशय्ये R.6.5 over spread with; धर्मोत्तरम् 13.7 rich in; 18.7; कम्प ˚ 13.28;17.12; 19.23.
    -9 To be crossed over.
    -रः 1 Future time, futurity.
    -2 N. of Viṣṇu.
    -3 N. of Śiva.
    -रा 1 The north; अस्त्युत्तरस्यां दिशि देवतात्मा Ku.1.1.
    -2 A lunar mansion.
    -3 N. of the daughter of Virāṭa and wife of Abhimanyu.
    -4 N. of a plant (Mar. पिंपरी).
    -रम् 1 An answer, reply; प्रचक्रमे च प्रतिवक्तुमुत्तरम् R.3.47; उत्तरादुत्तरं वाक्यं वदतां संप्रजायते Pt.1.6; a reply is suggested to a reply वचस्तस्य सपदि क्रिया केवलमुत्तरम् Śi.
    -2 (In law) Defence, a rejoinder.
    -3 The last part or following member of a compound.
    -4 (In Mīm.) The fourth member of an अधिकरण q. v. the answer.
    -5 The upper surface or cover.
    -6 Con- clusion.
    -7 Remainder, rest, what followed or took place next; शान्तमथवा किमिहोत्तरेण U.3.26.
    -8 Superiority, excellence.
    -9 Result, the chief or prevalent result or characteristic.
    -1 Excess, over and above; see above (उत्तर a. 8).
    -11 Remainder, difference (in arith.).
    -12 A rectangular moulding (Mānasāra 13.67.)
    -13 The next step, further action; उत्तरं चिन्तयामास वानरो मरुतात्मजः Rām.5.13.59.
    -14 A cover (आच्छादन); सू<?>स्करं सोत्तरबन्धुरेषम् Mb.6.6.9.
    -रम् ind.
    1 Above.
    -2 Afterwards, after; तत उत्तरम्, इत उत्तरम् &c. शापं तं ते$भिविज्ञाय कृतवन्तः किमुत्तरम् Mb.1.36.1.
    -Comp. -अगारम् An upper room, garet.
    - अधर a. higher and lower (fig. also). (
    -रौ du.) the upper and under lip, the two lips; पुनर्विवक्षुःस्फुरितोत्तराधरः Ku.5.83 (स्फुरण- भूयिष्ठो$धरो यस्य Malli.).
    -अधिकारः, -रिता, -त्वम् right to property, heirship, inheritance.
    -अधिकारिन् m. an heir or claimant (subsequent to the death of the ori- ginal owner).
    -अपरा north-west.
    -अभिमुख a. Turned towards the north.
    -अयनम् (˚यणं. न being changed to ण)
    1 the progress of the sun to the north (of the equator); अग्निर्ज्योतिरहः शुक्लः षण्मासा उत्तरायणम् Bg.8.24. cf. भानोर्मकरसंक्रान्तेः षण्मासा उत्तरायणम् । कर्कादेस्तु तथैव स्यात् षण्मासा दक्षिणायनम् ॥
    -2 the period or time of the sum- mer solstice.
    -अरणिः, -णी f. the upper अरणि (which by cutting becomes the प्रमन्थ or churner); दारुपात्राणि सर्वाणि अरणिं चोत्तरारणिम् (दत्त्वा) Rām.6.111.116.
    -अर्थ a. for the sake of what follows.
    -अर्धम् 1 the upper part of the body.
    -2 the northern part.
    -3 the latter half (opp. पूर्वार्ध).
    -4 the further end.
    -अर्ध्य a. being on the northern side.
    -अहः the following day.
    -आभासः a false reply, an indirect, evasive, or prevaricating reply. ˚ता, -त्वम् the semblance of a reply without reality.
    -आशा the northern direction. ˚अधिपतिः, -पतिः the regent of the northern direction, an epithet of Kubera.
    -आषाढा 1 the 21st lunar mansion consisting of three stars.
    -2 N. of bread-fruit or Jak tree (Mar. फणस).
    -आसङ्गः 1 an upper garment; कृतोत्तरासङ्गम् K.43; Śi.2.19; Ku.5.16.
    -2 contact with the north.
    - इतर a. other than उत्तर i. e. southern. (
    -रा) the southern direction.
    -उत्तर a. [उत्तरस्मादुत्तरः]
    1 more and more, higher and higher, further and further.
    -2 successive, ever increasing; ˚स्नेहेन दृष्टः Pt. 1; Y.2.136.
    (-रम्) 1 a reply to an answer, reply on reply; अलमुत्तरोत्तरेण Mu.3.
    -2 conversation, a rejoinder.
    -3 excess, exceeding quantity or degree.
    -4 succession, gradation, sequence.
    -5 descending. (
    -रम्) ind. higher and higher, in constant continuation, more and more. उत्तरोत्तरमुत्कर्षः K. P.1; उत्तरोत्तरं वर्धते H.1.
    -उत्तरिन् a.
    1 ever-increasing.
    -2 one following the other.
    -ओष्ठः the upper lip (उत्तरो-रौ-ष्ठः). Vārt. on P.VI.1.94. ओत्वोष्ठयोस्समासे वा
    -काण्डम् the seventh book of the Rāmāyaṇa.
    -कायः the upper part of the body; तं वाहनादवनतोत्तरकायमीषत् R.9.6.
    -कालः 1 future time.
    -2 time calculated from one full moon to another.
    -कुरु (m. pl.) one of the nine divisions of the world, the country of the northern Kurus (said to be a country of eternal beatitude).
    -कोसलाः (m. pl.) the northern Kosalas; पितुरनन्तरमुत्तरकोसलान् R.9.1.
    -कोशला the city of Ayodhyā; यदुपतेः क्व गता मथुरा पुरी रघुपतेः क्व गतोत्तरकोशला ॥ Udb.
    -क्रिया funeral rites, obsequies.
    -खण्डम् the last section of book.
    -खण्डनम् refutation.
    -गीता N. of a section of the sixth book of the Mahābhārata.
    -ग्रन्थः supplement to a work.
    -च्छदः a bed-covering, covering (in general); शय्योत्तरच्छदविमर्द- कृशाङ्गरागम् R.5.65,17.21; नागचर्मोत्तरच्छदः Mb.
    -ज a. born subsequently or afterwards; चतुर्दश प्रथमजः पुनात्युत्तरजश्च षट् Y.1.59.
    -ज्या the versed sine of an arc (Wilson); the second half of the chord halved by the versed sine (B. and R.).
    -ज्योतिषाः (m. pl.) the northern Jyotiṣas.
    -ततिः f. Ectype (lit. subequent proceedings) उत्तरस्यां ततौ तत्प्रकृतित्वात् MS.1.4.25. शबर explains उत्तरस्यां ततौ as विकृतौ),
    -तन्त्रम् N. of a supplementary section in the medical work of Suśruta.
    -तापनीयम् N. of the second part of the नृसिंहतापनीयो- पनिषद्.
    -दायक a. replying, disobedient, pert, imperti- nent; दुष्टा भार्या शठं मित्रं भृत्याश्चोत्तरदायकाः H.2.11.
    -दिश् f. the north.
    ˚ईशः, -पालः 1 Kubera, the regent of the north.
    -2 the planet बुध. ˚बलिन्
    1 the planet Venus.
    -2 the moon.
    -देशः the country towards the north.
    -धेय a. to be done subsequently.
    -नारायणः the second part of the नारायणसूक्त or पुरुषसूक्त (Rv.1.9.).
    -पक्षः 1 the northern wing or side.
    -2 the dark half of a lunar month.
    -3 the second part of an argument, i. e. a reply, the reason pro. (opp. पूर्वपक्ष); प्रापयन् पवनव्याधेर्गिरमुत्तरपक्षताम् Śi.2.15.
    -4 a demonstrated truth or conclusion.
    -5 the minor proposition in a syllogism.
    -6 (in Mīm.) the fifth member of an Adhikaraṇa, q. v.
    -पटः 1 an upper garment.
    -2 a bed-covering (उत्तरच्छदः).
    -पथः the northern way, way leading to the north; the northern country; P.V.1 77. उत्तरपथेनाहृतं च.
    -पथिक a. travelling in the northern country.
    -पदम् 1 the last member of a compound.
    -2 a word that can be compounded with another.
    -पदिक, -पदकीय a. relating to, studying, or knowing the last word or term.
    -पर्वतकम् A variety of hides. Kāu. A.2.11.
    -पश्चार्धः the northwestern half.
    -पश्चिम a. northwestern. (
    -मः) the north-western country. (
    -मा) [उत्तरस्याः पश्चिमायाश्च दिशोन्तरालम्] the north-west; आलोकयन्नुत्तरपश्चिमेन Mb.12.335.8.
    -पादः the second division of a legal plaint, that part which relates to the reply or defence; पूर्वपक्षः स्मृतः पादो द्वितीयश्चोत्तरः स्मृतः । क्रियापादस्तृतीयः स्याच्चतुर्थो निर्णयः स्मृतः ॥
    -पुरस्तात् ind. north-eastward (with gen.).
    -पुराणम् N. of a Jaina work.
    -पुरुषः = उत्तमपुरुषः q. v.
    -पूर्व a. north-eastern. (
    -र्वा) the north-east.
    -प्रच्छदः a cover lid, quilt.
    -प्रत्युत्तरम् 1 a dispute, debate, a rejoinder, retort.
    -2 the pleadings in a law-suit.
    -फ (फा) ल्गुनी the twelfth lunar mansion consisting of two stars (having the figure of a bed).
    -भागः The second part.
    -भाद्रपद्, -दा 1 the 26 th lunar mansion consisting of two stars (figured by a couch).
    -2 N. of a plant (Mar. कडुनिंब).
    -मन्द्रा a loud but slow manner of singing. ˚मन्द्राद्या a. particular मूर्च्छना in music.
    -मात्रम् a mere reply.
    -मीमांसा the later Mīmāmsā, the Vedānta Philosophy, an inquiry into the nature of Brahman or Jñāna Kāṇḍa (distinguished from मीमांसा proper which is usually called पूर्वमीमांसा).
    -युगम् A particular measure (= 13 Aṅgulas).
    -रहित a. without a reply.
    -रामचरितम् -त्रम् N. of a celebrated drama by Bhavabhūti, which describes the later life of Rāma.
    -रूपम् The second of two combined vowels or consonants.
    -लक्षणम् the indication of an actual reply.
    -लोमन् a. having the hair turned upwards.
    -वयसम्, -स् n. old age, the declining period of life.
    -वरितः a kind of small syringe.
    -वल्ली f. N. of the second section of the काठकोपनिषद् when divided into two अध्यायs.
    -वस्त्रम्, -वासस् n. an upper garment, mantle, cloak; जग्राह तामुत्तरवस्त्रदेशे Mb.3.268. 24.
    -वादिन् m.
    1 a defendant, respondent; (Opp. पूर्ववादिन्.) साक्षिषूभयतः सत्मु साक्षिणः पूर्ववादिनः । पूर्वपक्षे$धरीभूते भवन्त्युत्तरवादिनः ॥ Y.2.17.
    -2 one whose claims are of later date than another's.
    -विद् -वेदन or
    वेदिन् An elephant sensitive to slight stimuli (Mātaṅga L.1.29; 9.39).
    -वीथिः f. The northern orbit; Bṛi. S.
    -वेदिः 1 the northern altar made for the sacred fire.
    -2 N. of a Tīrtha near the कुरुक्षेत्र.
    -सक्थम् the left thigh.
    -संझित a. denoted or named in reply (as a witness). (
    -तः) hearsay-witness.
    -साक्षिन् m.
    1 a witness for the defence.
    -2 a witness deposing to facts from the reports of others.
    -साधक a.
    1 finishing what remains or follows, assisting at a ceremony.
    -2 who or what proves a reply. (
    -कः) an assistant, helper
    -हनुः Ved. the upper jaw-bone.
    2
    उत्तर a.
    1 Crossing over.
    -2 To be crossed over, as in दुरुत्तर.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > उत्तर _uttara

  • 9 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 10 Norden

    m; -s, kein Pl.; (abgek. N) north (Abk. N); (nördlicher Landesteil) North; nach Norden north(wards); Verkehr, Straße etc.: northbound; von oder aus dem Norden from the north; der kalte Norden the cold north; im kalten Norden up in the cold north; der hohe Norden the far north
    * * *
    der Norden
    north
    * * *
    Nọr|den ['nɔrdn]
    m -s, no pl
    north; (von Land) North

    aus dem Norden, von Norden (her) — from the north

    or nach Norden — north(wards), to the north

    im Norden der Stadt/des Landes — in the north of the town/country

    im/aus dem hohen Norden — in/from the far north

    im Münchner Norden — on the north side of Munich

    im Norden Frankreichs — in the north of France, in northern France

    * * *
    der
    1) (the direction to the left of a person facing the rising sun, or any part of the earth lying in that direction: He faced towards the north; The wind is blowing from the north; I used to live in the north of England.) north
    2) ((also N) one of the four main points of the compass.) north
    * * *
    Nor·den
    <-s>
    [ˈnɔrdn̩]
    m kein pl, kein indef art
    1. (Himmelsrichtung) north
    im \Norden in the north
    aus Richtung \Norden from the north
    in Richtung \Norden northwards, to[wards] the north
    nach [o (geh) gen] \Norden to the north, northwards
    nach \Norden blicken [o gehen] [o liegen] Zimmer, Fenster to look [or face] north
    wir möchten ein Zimmer nach \Norden haben we would like a north-facing room [or a room that faces the north]
    nach \Norden zeigen Kompass to point north; Person to point to the north
    von [o aus] \Norden from the north
    der Wind kommt von \Norden the wind is blowing from the north [or from a northerly direction]
    von \Norden nach Süden from north to south
    2. (nördliche Gegend) north
    er wohnt im \Norden/im \Norden der Stadt/im \Norden von Hamburg/im \Norden Deutschlands he lives in the north/in the northern part of town/in the northern part of Hamburg/in North[ern] Germany
    aus dem \Norden kommen [o stammen] to come [or be] [or hail] from the north [or from up north]
    in den \Norden to[wards] the north
    wir fahren dieses Jahr in den \Norden we're going up north on holiday this year
    im hohen \Norden in the far north
    * * *
    der; Nordens
    1) (Richtung) north

    nach Norden — northwards; to the north

    im/aus dem od. von od. vom Norden — in/from the north

    2) (Gegend) northern part
    3) (Geogr., Politik) North

    der hohe/höchste Norden — the far North

    * * *
    Norden m; -s, kein pl; (abk N) north (abk N); (nördlicher Landesteil) North;
    nach Norden north(wards); Verkehr, Straße etc: northbound;
    aus dem Norden from the north;
    der kalte Norden the cold north;
    im kalten Norden up in the cold north;
    der hohe Norden the far north
    * * *
    der; Nordens
    1) (Richtung) north

    nach Norden — northwards; to the north

    im/aus dem od. von od. vom Norden — in/from the north

    2) (Gegend) northern part
    3) (Geogr., Politik) North

    der hohe/höchste Norden — the far North

    * * *
    m.
    north n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Norden

  • 11 zona

    f.
    1 zone, area (espacio).
    ¿vives por la zona? do you live around here? (por aquí)
    ésta es la zona de copas de la ciudad this is the center of the city's nightlife
    zona catastrófica disaster area
    zona comercial shopping area
    zona erógena erogenous zone
    zona de exclusión exclusion zone
    zona euro euro zone
    zona de guerra war zone
    zona de libre comercio free-trade zone
    zona peatonal pedestrian precinct
    zona residencial residential area
    zona verde park, green area; (grande) lawn (pequeña)
    2 key.
    3 zona.
    * * *
    1 area
    2 (fronteriza, militar) zone
    1 MEDICINA (herpes) shingles
    \
    zona azul parking meter zone
    zona edificada built-up area
    zona fronteriza border zone
    zona glacial frigid zone
    zona templada temperate zone
    zona tórrida torrid zone
    zona verde green zone
    * * *
    noun f.
    area, district, zone
    * * *
    SF
    1) [en país, región] area

    las zonas más ricas/remotas/deprimidas del país — the richest/remotest/most depressed areas o parts of the country

    la zona norte/sur/este/oeste de la isla — the northern/southern/eastern/western part of the island

    comimos en uno de los restaurantes típicos de la zona — we ate in a restaurant typical of the area, we ate in a typical local restaurant

    • zonas costeras — coastal areas

    • zona montañosa o de montaña — mountainous area, mountainous region

    • zonas rurales — rural areas

    • zonas urbanas — urban areas

    zona de conflicto — (Mil) conflict zone

    zona de libre comercio — free-trade zone, free-trade area

    zona de peligro — danger zone, danger area

    zona fronteriza — [gen] border area; (Mil) border zone

    zona militar — military zone, military area

    zona roja — Esp Republican territory

    2) [en ciudad] area

    zona azul — Esp (Aut) ≈ pay-and-display area

    • zona comercial — [para negocios en general] commercial district; [solo de tiendas] shopping area

    • zona de copas, ¿dónde está la zona de copas? — where do people go out to drink?

    zona marginada — CAm slum area

    zona roja — LAm red-light district

    zona rosa — Méx partly pedestrianized zone, so called because of its pink paving stones

    3) [en edificio, recinto] area

    zona ancha — (Dep) midfield

    zona de castigo — (Dep) sin bin

    zona de penumbra, zona de sombra — (lit) shaded area; (fig) area of secrecy

    zona oscura, las zonas oscuras de la personalidad — the hidden areas of the personality

    las zonas oscuras de la política — the shady o murky areas of politics

    4) (Geog) zone
    5) (Anat, Med) area
    6) (Baloncesto) free-zone lane
    * * *
    1) (área, región) area
    2) ( en baloncesto) free-throw lane, three-second area
    * * *
    = area, zone, bit, radius, area, service area, tract.
    Ex. The area in which standards for bibliographic description have had the most impact is in catalogues and catalogue record data bases.
    Ex. But now the traditional industrial zone is declining and a new 'technopolis' is proposed for the area.
    Ex. The assistant in charge of a section will see that their bit is kept tidy and will keep an eye open for thieves.
    Ex. The fact that the library can only attract people within a relatively small radius means that it has no alternative but to serve whoever lives -- or works -- in that radius.
    Ex. Libraries usually arrange separate areas where current periodicals, maps, government publications, early printed books and manuscripts are housed.
    Ex. The study examined the relative use of different service areas of the library = El estudio analizó al uso relativo de las diferentes zonas de la biblioteca.
    Ex. Protecting the remaining large tracts of tropical forests is not a financially impossible task.
    ----
    * biblioteca de la zona ártica = arctic library.
    * biblioteca de zona rural = rural library.
    * ciencia de las zonas polares = polar science.
    * de la zona de entre mareas = intertidal.
    * dividir en zonas = zone.
    * en la zona de = in the land of.
    * en + Posesivo + zona = in + Posesivo + neck of the woods.
    * ser zona prohibida = be off limits.
    * una zona de = a stretch of.
    * usar sobre la zona afectada = use + topically.
    * zona abierta = open area.
    * zona activa = hot spot.
    * zona alejada = reaches.
    * zona alveolar = alveolar region.
    * zona bélica = war zone.
    * zona béntica, la = benthic zone, the.
    * zona central = midsection [mid-section].
    * zona central de un Lugar = heartland.
    * zona cero = ground zero.
    * zona climática = climatic zone.
    * zona comercial = business district, shopping area, shopping district.
    * zona con aparatos electrónicos = equipment area.
    * zona con césped = grassy area.
    * zona costera = seafront, coastal area.
    * zona de amortiguamiento = buffer zone.
    * zona de aterrizaje = landing site, landing area, landing area.
    * sitio de aterrizaje = landing area.
    * zona de bienestar = comfort zone.
    * zona de captación = catchment area.
    * zona de carga = loading dock, loading bay.
    * zona de columpios y pistas deportivas = playground.
    * zona de comodidad = comfort zone.
    * zona de confort = comfort zone.
    * zona de cultivo del trigo = wheatbelt.
    * zona de descanso = rest area.
    * zona de desempleo = pocket of unemployment.
    * zona de estudio = study area, study facilities.
    * zona de exclusión aérea = no-fly zone.
    * zona de guerra = war zone.
    * zona del centro = midsection [mid-section].
    * zona del euro, la = euro zone, the, euro zone, the, euro area, the.
    * zona del interior = hinterland.
    * zona de los tres estados = tristate area.
    * zona de no fumadores = non-smoking area.
    * zona de ocio = leisure facilities.
    * zona de ocupación = zone of occupation, occupation zone.
    * zona de pasto = feeding ground, grazing area.
    * zona deprimida del centro de la ciudad = inner city.
    * zona de producción de trigo = wheatbelt.
    * zona de recogida de lo sobrante = overflow area.
    * zona de recreo = playground.
    * zona desnuclearizada = nuclear-free zone, nuclear-free.
    * zona despejada = open area.
    * zona de transición = buffer zone.
    * zona dolorida = sore point, sore spot.
    * zona entre mareas = intertidal zone.
    * zona geográfica = geographical area.
    * zona gris = grey area [gray area].
    * zona habitable = living area.
    * zona húmeda = wetland.
    * zona industrial = industrial area.
    * zona interior despoblada = backcountry.
    * zona junto a la playa = beachfront.
    * zona libre de humo = smoke-free zone, smoke-free area.
    * zona limítrofe = fringe area.
    * zona marginada = deprived area.
    * zona menos favorecida = less favoured area.
    * zona neutral = buffer zone.
    * zona pantanosa = marshland, marsh, marshy area, fen.
    * zona para casas móviles = mobile home park, trailer park.
    * zona para sentarse = seating area.
    * zona peligrosa = no-go area.
    * zona penumbrosa = twilight zone.
    * zona problemática = problem area.
    * zona prohibida = no-go area.
    * zona protegida = safe haven, safe harbour, protected area.
    * zona pública = public area.
    * zona residencial = residential area, suburban area, estate.
    * zona rural = country, rural area, hinterland, countryside, rural region.
    * zona sin cultivar = wildland.
    * zonas inhabitadas del interior = back country.
    * zonas más alejadas = outlying areas.
    * zonas salvajes del interior = back country.
    * zona suburbana = suburban area.
    * zona tampón = buffer zone.
    * zona tectónica = fault zone.
    * zona templada, la = temperate zone, the.
    * zona tórrida, la = torrid zone, the.
    * zona urbana = urban area.
    * zona verde = parkland area, grassy area.
    * * *
    1) (área, región) area
    2) ( en baloncesto) free-throw lane, three-second area
    * * *
    = area, zone, bit, radius, area, service area, tract.

    Ex: The area in which standards for bibliographic description have had the most impact is in catalogues and catalogue record data bases.

    Ex: But now the traditional industrial zone is declining and a new 'technopolis' is proposed for the area.
    Ex: The assistant in charge of a section will see that their bit is kept tidy and will keep an eye open for thieves.
    Ex: The fact that the library can only attract people within a relatively small radius means that it has no alternative but to serve whoever lives -- or works -- in that radius.
    Ex: Libraries usually arrange separate areas where current periodicals, maps, government publications, early printed books and manuscripts are housed.
    Ex: The study examined the relative use of different service areas of the library = El estudio analizó al uso relativo de las diferentes zonas de la biblioteca.
    Ex: Protecting the remaining large tracts of tropical forests is not a financially impossible task.
    * biblioteca de la zona ártica = arctic library.
    * biblioteca de zona rural = rural library.
    * ciencia de las zonas polares = polar science.
    * de la zona de entre mareas = intertidal.
    * dividir en zonas = zone.
    * en la zona de = in the land of.
    * en + Posesivo + zona = in + Posesivo + neck of the woods.
    * ser zona prohibida = be off limits.
    * una zona de = a stretch of.
    * usar sobre la zona afectada = use + topically.
    * zona abierta = open area.
    * zona activa = hot spot.
    * zona alejada = reaches.
    * zona alveolar = alveolar region.
    * zona bélica = war zone.
    * zona béntica, la = benthic zone, the.
    * zona central = midsection [mid-section].
    * zona central de un Lugar = heartland.
    * zona cero = ground zero.
    * zona climática = climatic zone.
    * zona comercial = business district, shopping area, shopping district.
    * zona con aparatos electrónicos = equipment area.
    * zona con césped = grassy area.
    * zona costera = seafront, coastal area.
    * zona de amortiguamiento = buffer zone.
    * zona de aterrizaje = landing site, landing area, landing area.
    * sitio de aterrizaje = landing area.
    * zona de bienestar = comfort zone.
    * zona de captación = catchment area.
    * zona de carga = loading dock, loading bay.
    * zona de columpios y pistas deportivas = playground.
    * zona de comodidad = comfort zone.
    * zona de confort = comfort zone.
    * zona de cultivo del trigo = wheatbelt.
    * zona de descanso = rest area.
    * zona de desempleo = pocket of unemployment.
    * zona de estudio = study area, study facilities.
    * zona de exclusión aérea = no-fly zone.
    * zona de guerra = war zone.
    * zona del centro = midsection [mid-section].
    * zona del euro, la = euro zone, the, euro zone, the, euro area, the.
    * zona del interior = hinterland.
    * zona de los tres estados = tristate area.
    * zona de no fumadores = non-smoking area.
    * zona de ocio = leisure facilities.
    * zona de ocupación = zone of occupation, occupation zone.
    * zona de pasto = feeding ground, grazing area.
    * zona deprimida del centro de la ciudad = inner city.
    * zona de producción de trigo = wheatbelt.
    * zona de recogida de lo sobrante = overflow area.
    * zona de recreo = playground.
    * zona desnuclearizada = nuclear-free zone, nuclear-free.
    * zona despejada = open area.
    * zona de transición = buffer zone.
    * zona dolorida = sore point, sore spot.
    * zona entre mareas = intertidal zone.
    * zona geográfica = geographical area.
    * zona gris = grey area [gray area].
    * zona habitable = living area.
    * zona húmeda = wetland.
    * zona industrial = industrial area.
    * zona interior despoblada = backcountry.
    * zona junto a la playa = beachfront.
    * zona libre de humo = smoke-free zone, smoke-free area.
    * zona limítrofe = fringe area.
    * zona marginada = deprived area.
    * zona menos favorecida = less favoured area.
    * zona neutral = buffer zone.
    * zona pantanosa = marshland, marsh, marshy area, fen.
    * zona para casas móviles = mobile home park, trailer park.
    * zona para sentarse = seating area.
    * zona peligrosa = no-go area.
    * zona penumbrosa = twilight zone.
    * zona problemática = problem area.
    * zona prohibida = no-go area.
    * zona protegida = safe haven, safe harbour, protected area.
    * zona pública = public area.
    * zona residencial = residential area, suburban area, estate.
    * zona rural = country, rural area, hinterland, countryside, rural region.
    * zona sin cultivar = wildland.
    * zonas inhabitadas del interior = back country.
    * zonas más alejadas = outlying areas.
    * zonas salvajes del interior = back country.
    * zona suburbana = suburban area.
    * zona tampón = buffer zone.
    * zona tectónica = fault zone.
    * zona templada, la = temperate zone, the.
    * zona tórrida, la = torrid zone, the.
    * zona urbana = urban area.
    * zona verde = parkland area, grassy area.

    * * *
    A (área, región) area
    ¿por qué zona viven? what area do they live in?
    en la zona fronteriza in the border area o zone
    zonas montañosas mountainous areas o regions
    por esa zona no hay servicio de autobuses there is no bus service in that area
    fue declarada zona neutral it was declared a neutral zone
    zona de influencia sphere of influence
    [ S ] zona de carga y descarga loading and unloading only
    Compuestos:
    ( Esp) limited-time parking zone, pay-and-display area ( BrE)
    disaster area
    ground zero
    commercial district, business quarter o area
    penalty area
    combat zone o area
    crisis zone
    boarding area
    ( Esp) area of new development
    line of scrimmage
    exclusion zone
    no-fly zone
    war zone
    war zone
    free-trade zone
    maximum security zone o area
    danger area o zone
    test site, testing ground
    departure lounge o area
    nuclear-free zone o area
    red-light district
    erogenous zone
    eurozone
    duty-free zone
    industrial park, industrial estate ( BrE)
    military zone o area
    ( Esp) ( Hist) Nationalist-held territory
    nuclear-free zone o area
    buffer zone
    pedestrian precinct o zone o area
    ( AmL) (zona de prostitución) red-light district; ( Esp fam) (durante la guerra civil) Republican-held territory
    ( Telec) dead zone
    buffer zone
    temperate zone o region
    tropical zone o region
    park, green space
    B (en baloncesto) free-throw lane, three-second area
    * * *

     

    zona sustantivo femenino
    1 (área, región) area;


    ( on signs) zona de carga y descarga loading and unloading only;

    zona de castigo penalty area;
    zona industrial industrial park;
    zona peatonal pedestrian precinct;
    zona roja (AmL) ( zona de prostitución) red-light district;
    zona verde park, green space;
    zona cero ( en Nueva York) ground zero
    2 ( en baloncesto) free-throw lane, three-second area
    zona sustantivo femenino
    1 zone
    2 (de un territorio, gran extensión) area, region
    zona de obras, work area
    zona de operaciones, operational zone
    zona militar, military zone
    zona verde, park, green space
    3 Dep zone
    ' zona' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acampada
    - antinuclear
    - arrasar
    - barrio
    - cabaña
    - ciudad
    - comisionada
    - comisionado
    - concurrida
    - concurrido
    - construcción
    - contingente
    - deprimida
    - deprimido
    - desalojar
    - este
    - expolio
    - franca
    - franco
    - francófona
    - francófono
    - glacial
    - huerta
    - milimétrica
    - milimétrico
    - oasis
    - pacificar
    - peinar
    - peinada
    - peinado
    - rastrear
    - rastreo
    - riego
    - sombra
    - teatro
    - urbanización
    - vecindario
    - vinícola
    - apartado
    - azucarero
    - bajío
    - cabezón
    - campo
    - carga
    - cargue
    - combate
    - comercial
    - concreto
    - conflictivo
    - desértico
    English:
    area
    - belt
    - busing
    - clearance
    - coastal
    - compound
    - country
    - danger area
    - decline
    - demonstrate
    - disaster area
    - enclose
    - enclosure
    - enter
    - grey area
    - industrial area
    - local
    - pedestrianize
    - precinct
    - scour
    - seal off
    - smokeless zone
    - stricken
    - testing ground
    - unemployment
    - waterfront
    - well-known
    - zone
    - area code
    - around
    - canvass
    - catchment area
    - district
    - diverse
    - division
    - extreme
    - -free
    - green
    - ground
    - high
    - incoming
    - industrial
    - inner
    - locally
    - neighborhood
    - no-fly zone
    - off
    - out
    - pedestrian
    - red
    * * *
    zona nf
    1. [espacio, área] zone, area;
    una zona montañosa/turística a mountainous/tourist area;
    la zona norte/sur de la isla the northern/southern part of the island;
    en las zonas más aisladas/pobres in the most remote/poorest areas;
    ¿vives por la zona? [por aquí] do you live around here?;
    ésta es la zona de copas de la ciudad this is the centre of the city's nightlife
    zona azul [de estacionamiento] restricted parking zone;
    zona de carga y descarga loading bay o US zone;
    zona catastrófica disaster area;
    zona centro Br city centre, US downtown;
    zona cero [en Nueva York] ground zero;
    zona climática climatic zone;
    zona comercial shopping area;
    zona conflictiva trouble spot;
    zona de conflicto [en guerra] war zone, battle zone;
    zona edificada built-up area;
    zona erógena erogenous zone;
    zona euro euro zone;
    zona de exclusión exclusion zone;
    Com zona franca free-trade zone;
    zona de no fumadores no-smoking area;
    zona glacial glacial region;
    zona de guerra war zone;
    zona húmeda wetland area;
    zona intermareal intertidal zone;
    Meteo zona de inversión thermal o temperature inversion zone;
    zona de libre comercio free-trade zone;
    zona de marca [en rugby] in-goal area;
    zona militar military area o zone;
    Esp zona nacional [en la guerra] = the area controlled by Nationalist forces during the Spanish Civil War;
    zona peatonal pedestrian area o precinct;
    zona protegida [natural] conservation area;
    zona residencial residential area;
    zona roja Esp [en la guerra] = term used by Nationalists to refer to Republican-controlled areas during the Spanish Civil War;
    Am [de prostitución] red-light district;
    Zona Rosa [en México DF] = elegant tourist and shopping area in Mexico City;
    zona de seguridad [entre países] buffer zone;
    zona templada temperate zone;
    Am Anticuado zona de tolerancia red-light district;
    zona tórrida tropics, Espec torrid zone;
    zona de urgente reindustrialización = region given priority status for industrial investment, Br ≈ enterprise zone;
    zona verde [grande] park, green area;
    [pequeña] lawn
    2. [en baloncesto] [área] key
    3. [en baloncesto] [violación] three-seconds violation
    * * *
    f
    1 area, zone
    2 en baloncesto: parte del campo key; violación three-seconds violation
    * * *
    zona nf
    : zone, district, area
    * * *
    zona n
    1. (área) area
    2. (militar, geográfica) zone

    Spanish-English dictionary > zona

  • 12 habitante

    f. & m.
    inhabitant, resident, dweller, habitant.
    m.
    inhabitant.
    * * *
    1 inhabitant
    * * *
    noun mf.
    inhabitant, resident
    * * *
    1. SMF
    1) [gen] inhabitant

    una ciudad de 10.000 habitantes — a town of 10,000 inhabitants o people, a town with a population of 10,000

    2) (=vecino) resident
    3) (=inquilino) occupant, tenant
    2.
    SM hum (=piojo) louse

    tener habitantes — to have lice, have nits *

    * * *
    masculino y femenino (Geog, Sociol) inhabitant; ( de barrio) resident
    * * *
    = citizen, denizen, inhabitant, resident, burgess.
    Ex. This paper reports a conference on present and future possibilities for interstate cooperation in the effective delivery of community information to citizens.
    Ex. The denizens of each of these worlds have a wide variety of information needs and a wide variety of economic, social, political, and educational backgrounds.
    Ex. The conference debated a library bill which aims to set up public libraries in all municipalities with over 30,000 inhabitants.
    Ex. Since they were operated as part of the local authority, they achieved little credibility with residents.
    Ex. They claimed that they and all of their ancestors as burgesses had held a market on these days from time out of mind, without interruption.
    ----
    * exceso de habitantes = overcrowding [over-crowding].
    * habitante de Junctionville = Junctionvillers.
    * habitante de la ciudad = city dweller, urban dweller, urban resident, urbanite.
    * habitante de las islas del Pacífico = Pacific Islander.
    * habitante de la urbe = urban dweller.
    * habitante del campo = country dweller.
    * habitante del desierto = desert dweller.
    * habitante del este = Easterner.
    * habitante del lugar = local, local resident.
    * habitante del Medio Oriente = Middle Easterner.
    * habitante del oeste = Westerner.
    * habitante del pueblo = villager, village man, village woman.
    * habitante de Mesopotamia = Hippopotamian.
    * habitante de Misuri = Missourian.
    * habitante de Singapur = Singaporean.
    * habitante de un barrio residencial = suburbanite.
    * habitantes = population.
    * habitantes del pueblo = village people.
    * * *
    masculino y femenino (Geog, Sociol) inhabitant; ( de barrio) resident
    * * *
    = citizen, denizen, inhabitant, resident, burgess.

    Ex: This paper reports a conference on present and future possibilities for interstate cooperation in the effective delivery of community information to citizens.

    Ex: The denizens of each of these worlds have a wide variety of information needs and a wide variety of economic, social, political, and educational backgrounds.
    Ex: The conference debated a library bill which aims to set up public libraries in all municipalities with over 30,000 inhabitants.
    Ex: Since they were operated as part of the local authority, they achieved little credibility with residents.
    Ex: They claimed that they and all of their ancestors as burgesses had held a market on these days from time out of mind, without interruption.
    * exceso de habitantes = overcrowding [over-crowding].
    * habitante de Junctionville = Junctionvillers.
    * habitante de la ciudad = city dweller, urban dweller, urban resident, urbanite.
    * habitante de las islas del Pacífico = Pacific Islander.
    * habitante de la urbe = urban dweller.
    * habitante del campo = country dweller.
    * habitante del desierto = desert dweller.
    * habitante del este = Easterner.
    * habitante del lugar = local, local resident.
    * habitante del Medio Oriente = Middle Easterner.
    * habitante del oeste = Westerner.
    * habitante del pueblo = villager, village man, village woman.
    * habitante de Mesopotamia = Hippopotamian.
    * habitante de Misuri = Missourian.
    * habitante de Singapur = Singaporean.
    * habitante de un barrio residencial = suburbanite.
    * habitantes = population.
    * habitantes del pueblo = village people.

    * * *
    A ( Geog, Sociol) inhabitant
    esta ciudad tiene medio millón de habitantes this city has a population of half a million, this city has half a million inhabitants
    los habitantes de la zona norte de la ciudad the people who live in the northern part of the city, the residents of the northern part of the city
    B ( hum)
    (parásito): esta manzana tiene habitante there's something living in this apple ( hum)
    este niño tiene habitantes this child has lice
    * * *

    habitante sustantivo masculino y femenino (Geog, Sociol) inhabitant;
    ( de barrio) resident
    habitante mf inhabitant: esta ciudad perdió muchos habitantes, this city lost a lot of inhabitants
    ' habitante' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    transeúnte
    - ciudadano
    - isleño
    - llanero
    - vecino
    English:
    Cockney
    - inhabitant
    - Sri Lankan
    - town dweller
    - villager
    * * *
    [de ciudad, país] inhabitant; [de barrio] resident;
    una ciudad de doce millones de habitantes a city with a population of twelve million;
    un insecto habitante habitual de las zonas pantanosas an insect commonly found in marshy areas
    * * *
    m/f inhabitant
    * * *
    : inhabitant, resident
    * * *
    habitante n inhabitant

    Spanish-English dictionary > habitante

  • 13 Introduction

       Portugal is a small Western European nation with a large, distinctive past replete with both triumph and tragedy. One of the continent's oldest nation-states, Portugal has frontiers that are essentially unchanged since the late 14th century. The country's unique character and 850-year history as an independent state present several curious paradoxes. As of 1974, when much of the remainder of the Portuguese overseas empire was decolonized, Portuguese society appeared to be the most ethnically homogeneous of the two Iberian states and of much of Europe. Yet, Portuguese society had received, over the course of 2,000 years, infusions of other ethnic groups in invasions and immigration: Phoenicians, Greeks, Celts, Romans, Suevi, Visigoths, Muslims (Arab and Berber), Jews, Italians, Flemings, Burgundian French, black Africans, and Asians. Indeed, Portugal has been a crossroads, despite its relative isolation in the western corner of the Iberian Peninsula, between the West and North Africa, Tropical Africa, and Asia and America. Since 1974, Portugal's society has become less homogeneous, as there has been significant immigration of former subjects from its erstwhile overseas empire.
       Other paradoxes should be noted as well. Although Portugal is sometimes confused with Spain or things Spanish, its very national independence and national culture depend on being different from Spain and Spaniards. Today, Portugal's independence may be taken for granted. Since 1140, except for 1580-1640 when it was ruled by Philippine Spain, Portugal has been a sovereign state. Nevertheless, a recurring theme of the nation's history is cycles of anxiety and despair that its freedom as a nation is at risk. There is a paradox, too, about Portugal's overseas empire(s), which lasted half a millennium (1415-1975): after 1822, when Brazil achieved independence from Portugal, most of the Portuguese who emigrated overseas never set foot in their overseas empire, but preferred to immigrate to Brazil or to other countries in North or South America or Europe, where established Portuguese overseas communities existed.
       Portugal was a world power during the period 1415-1550, the era of the Discoveries, expansion, and early empire, and since then the Portuguese have experienced periods of decline, decadence, and rejuvenation. Despite the fact that Portugal slipped to the rank of a third- or fourth-rate power after 1580, it and its people can claim rightfully an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions that assure their place both in world and Western history. These distinctions should be kept in mind while acknowledging that, for more than 400 years, Portugal has generally lagged behind the rest of Western Europe, although not Southern Europe, in social and economic developments and has remained behind even its only neighbor and sometime nemesis, Spain.
       Portugal's pioneering role in the Discoveries and exploration era of the 15th and 16th centuries is well known. Often noted, too, is the Portuguese role in the art and science of maritime navigation through the efforts of early navigators, mapmakers, seamen, and fishermen. What are often forgotten are the country's slender base of resources, its small population largely of rural peasants, and, until recently, its occupation of only 16 percent of the Iberian Peninsula. As of 1139—10, when Portugal emerged first as an independent monarchy, and eventually a sovereign nation-state, England and France had not achieved this status. The Portuguese were the first in the Iberian Peninsula to expel the Muslim invaders from their portion of the peninsula, achieving this by 1250, more than 200 years before Castile managed to do the same (1492).
       Other distinctions may be noted. Portugal conquered the first overseas empire beyond the Mediterranean in the early modern era and established the first plantation system based on slave labor. Portugal's empire was the first to be colonized and the last to be decolonized in the 20th century. With so much of its scattered, seaborne empire dependent upon the safety and seaworthiness of shipping, Portugal was a pioneer in initiating marine insurance, a practice that is taken for granted today. During the time of Pombaline Portugal (1750-77), Portugal was the first state to organize and hold an industrial trade fair. In distinctive political and governmental developments, Portugal's record is more mixed, and this fact suggests that maintaining a government with a functioning rule of law and a pluralist, representative democracy has not been an easy matter in a country that for so long has been one of the poorest and least educated in the West. Portugal's First Republic (1910-26), only the third republic in a largely monarchist Europe (after France and Switzerland), was Western Europe's most unstable parliamentary system in the 20th century. Finally, the authoritarian Estado Novo or "New State" (1926-74) was the longest surviving authoritarian system in modern Western Europe. When Portugal departed from its overseas empire in 1974-75, the descendants, in effect, of Prince Henry the Navigator were leaving the West's oldest empire.
       Portugal's individuality is based mainly on its long history of distinc-tiveness, its intense determination to use any means — alliance, diplomacy, defense, trade, or empire—to be a sovereign state, independent of Spain, and on its national pride in the Portuguese language. Another master factor in Portuguese affairs deserves mention. The country's politics and government have been influenced not only by intellectual currents from the Atlantic but also through Spain from Europe, which brought new political ideas and institutions and novel technologies. Given the weight of empire in Portugal's past, it is not surprising that public affairs have been hostage to a degree to what happened in her overseas empire. Most important have been domestic responses to imperial affairs during both imperial and internal crises since 1415, which have continued to the mid-1970s and beyond. One of the most important themes of Portuguese history, and one oddly neglected by not a few histories, is that every major political crisis and fundamental change in the system—in other words, revolution—since 1415 has been intimately connected with a related imperial crisis. The respective dates of these historical crises are: 1437, 1495, 1578-80, 1640, 1820-22, 1890, 1910, 1926-30, 1961, and 1974. The reader will find greater detail on each crisis in historical context in the history section of this introduction and in relevant entries.
       LAND AND PEOPLE
       The Republic of Portugal is located on the western edge of the Iberian Peninsula. A major geographical dividing line is the Tagus River: Portugal north of it has an Atlantic orientation; the country to the south of it has a Mediterranean orientation. There is little physical evidence that Portugal is clearly geographically distinct from Spain, and there is no major natural barrier between the two countries along more than 1,214 kilometers (755 miles) of the Luso-Spanish frontier. In climate, Portugal has a number of microclimates similar to the microclimates of Galicia, Estremadura, and Andalusia in neighboring Spain. North of the Tagus, in general, there is an Atlantic-type climate with higher rainfall, cold winters, and some snow in the mountainous areas. South of the Tagus is a more Mediterranean climate, with hot, dry, often rainless summers and cool, wet winters. Lisbon, the capital, which has a fifth of the country's population living in its region, has an average annual mean temperature about 16° C (60° F).
       For a small country with an area of 92,345 square kilometers (35,580 square miles, including the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and the Madeiras), which is about the size of the state of Indiana in the United States, Portugal has a remarkable diversity of regional topography and scenery. In some respects, Portugal resembles an island within the peninsula, embodying a unique fusion of European and non-European cultures, akin to Spain yet apart. Its geography is a study in contrasts, from the flat, sandy coastal plain, in some places unusually wide for Europe, to the mountainous Beira districts or provinces north of the Tagus, to the snow-capped mountain range of the Estrela, with its unique ski area, to the rocky, barren, remote Trás-os-Montes district bordering Spain. There are extensive forests in central and northern Portugal that contrast with the flat, almost Kansas-like plains of the wheat belt in the Alentejo district. There is also the unique Algarve district, isolated somewhat from the Alentejo district by a mountain range, with a microclimate, topography, and vegetation that resemble closely those of North Africa.
       Although Portugal is small, just 563 kilometers (337 miles) long and from 129 to 209 kilometers (80 to 125 miles) wide, it is strategically located on transportation and communication routes between Europe and North Africa, and the Americas and Europe. Geographical location is one key to the long history of Portugal's three overseas empires, which stretched once from Morocco to the Moluccas and from lonely Sagres at Cape St. Vincent to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is essential to emphasize the identity of its neighbors: on the north and east Portugal is bounded by Spain, its only neighbor, and by the Atlantic Ocean on the south and west. Portugal is the westernmost country of Western Europe, and its shape resembles a face, with Lisbon below the nose, staring into the
       Atlantic. No part of Portugal touches the Mediterranean, and its Atlantic orientation has been a response in part to turning its back on Castile and Léon (later Spain) and exploring, traveling, and trading or working in lands beyond the peninsula. Portugal was the pioneering nation in the Atlantic-born European discoveries during the Renaissance, and its diplomatic and trade relations have been dominated by countries that have been Atlantic powers as well: Spain; England (Britain since 1707); France; Brazil, once its greatest colony; and the United States.
       Today Portugal and its Atlantic islands have a population of roughly 10 million people. While ethnic homogeneity has been characteristic of it in recent history, Portugal's population over the centuries has seen an infusion of non-Portuguese ethnic groups from various parts of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. Between 1500 and 1800, a significant population of black Africans, brought in as slaves, was absorbed in the population. And since 1950, a population of Cape Verdeans, who worked in menial labor, has resided in Portugal. With the influx of African, Goan, and Timorese refugees and exiles from the empire—as many as three quarters of a million retornados ("returned ones" or immigrants from the former empire) entered Portugal in 1974 and 1975—there has been greater ethnic diversity in the Portuguese population. In 2002, there were 239,113 immigrants legally residing in Portugal: 108,132 from Africa; 24,806 from Brazil; 15,906 from Britain; 14,617 from Spain; and 11,877 from Germany. In addition, about 200,000 immigrants are living in Portugal from eastern Europe, mainly from Ukraine. The growth of Portugal's population is reflected in the following statistics:
       1527 1,200,000 (estimate only)
       1768 2,400,000 (estimate only)
       1864 4,287,000 first census
       1890 5,049,700
       1900 5,423,000
       1911 5,960,000
       1930 6,826,000
       1940 7,185,143
       1950 8,510,000
       1960 8,889,000
       1970 8,668,000* note decrease
       1980 9,833,000
       1991 9,862,540
       1996 9,934,100
       2006 10,642,836
       2010 10,710,000 (estimated)

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Introduction

  • 14 Lisbon

        Lisboa in Portuguese, is the capital of Portugal and capital of the Lisbon district. The city population is just over half a million; greater Lisbon area contains at least 2.5 million. Located on the north bank of one of the greatest harbors in Europe, formed from the estuary of the Tagus River, which flows into the Atlantic, Lisbon has a long and illustrious history. A site of Phoenician and Greek trading communities, Lisbon became an important Roman city. Its name, Lisboa, in Portuguese and Spanish, is a corruption of its Roman name, Felicitas Julia. The city experienced various waves of invaders. Muslims seized it from the Visigoths in the eighth century, and after a long siege Muslim Lisbon fell to the Portuguese Christian forces of King Afonso Henriques in 1147.
       Lisbon, built on a number of hills, saw most of its major palaces and churches constructed between the 14th and 18th centuries. In the 16th century, the city became the Aviz dynasty's main capital and seat, and a royal palace was built in the lower city along the harbor where ships brought the empire's riches from Africa, Asia, and Brazil. On 1 November 1755, a devastating earthquake wrecked a large part of the main city and destroyed the major buildings, killed or displaced scores of thousands of people, and destroyed important historical records and artifacts. The king's prime minister, the Marquis of Pombal, ordered the city rebuilt. The main lower city center, the baixa ("down town"), was reconstructed according to a master plan that laid out a square grid of streets, spacious squares, and broad avenues, upon which were erected buildings of a uniform height and design. Due to the earthquake's destruction, few buildings, with the exception of the larger cathedrals and palaces, predate 1755. The Baixa Pombalina, as this part of Lisbon is known, was the first planned city in Europe.
       Lisbon is more than the political capital of Portugal, the site of the central government's offices, the legislative, and executive buildings. Lisbon is the economic, social, and cultural capital of the country, as well as the major educational center that contains almost half the country's universities and secondary schools.
       The continuing importance of Lisbon as the country's political heart and mind, despite the justifiable resentment of its northern rival, Oporto, and the university town of Coimbra, was again illustrated in the Revolution of 25 April 1974, which began with a military coup by the Armed Forces Movement there. The Estado Novo was overthrown in a largely bloodless coup organized by career junior military officers whose main strategy was directed toward the conquest and control of the capital. Once the Armed Forces Movement had the city of Lisbon and environs under its control by the afternoon of 25 April 1974, its mastery of the remainder of the country was assured.
       Along with its dominance of the country's economy, politics, and government, Lisbon's cultural offerings remain impressive. The city is a treasure house that contains hundreds of historic houses and squares, churches and cathedrals, ancient palaces, and castles, some reconstructed to appear as they were before the Lisbon earthquake of 1755. There are scores of museums and libraries. Among the more outstanding museums open to the public are the Museu de Arte Antiga and the museums of the Gulbenkian Foundation.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Lisbon

  • 15 up

    (to become covered (as if) with mist: The mirror misted over; The windscreen misted up.) cubrirse, empañarse
    up1 adv
    1. arriba
    2. levantado
    3.
    4. más alto / más caro
    up to / up until hasta
    what are you three up to? vosotros tres, ¿qué estáis tramando?
    to feel up to something sentirse capaz de algo / sentirse con fuerzas para algo
    do you feel up to going to work? ¿te sientes con fuerzas para ir a trabajar?
    what's up? ¿qué pasa? / ¿qué ocurre?
    up2 prep
    1.
    2. por
    up and down de arriba para abajo / de un lado a otro
    up
    tr[ʌp]
    1 (upwards) hacia arriba, arriba
    2 (out of bed) levantado,-a
    3 (sun, moon)
    4 (roadworks) levantado,-a, en obras
    ■ 'Road up' "Carretera en obras"
    5 (towards) hacia
    ■ he came up and... se acercó y...
    6 (northwards) hacia el norte
    7 (totally finished) acabado,-a
    ■ eat it up acábatelo, cómetelo todo
    8 (into pieces) a trozos, a porciones, a raciones
    2 (position) en lo alto de
    transitive verb (pt & pp upped, ger upping)
    1 subir, aumentar
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    it's not up to much familiar no vale gran cosa
    it's up to you familiar es cosa tuya
    to be on the up and up familiar ir cada vez mejor
    to be up in arms estar en pie de guerra
    to be up to something (doing something) estar haciendo algo; (secretively) estar tramando algo 2 (equal to) estar a la altura de algo; (strong enough for) sentirse con fuerzas de hacer algo
    ■ are you up to going to work? ¿te sientes con fuerzas de ir a trabajar?
    to up and go familiar coger e irse
    up to hasta
    up yours! taboo ¡métetelo por el culo!
    well up in something saber mucho de algo
    what's up? familiar ¿qué pasa?
    up ['ʌp] v, upped ['ʌpt] ; upping ; ups vt
    increase: aumentar, subir
    they upped the prices: aumentaron los precios
    up vi
    to up and : agarrar y fam
    she up and left: agarró y se fue
    up adv
    1) above: arriba, en lo alto
    up in the mountains: arriba en las montañas
    2) upwards: hacia arriba
    push it up: empújalo hacia arriba
    the sun came up: el sol salió
    prices went up: los precios subieron
    to sit up: ponerse derecho
    they got up late: se levantaron tarde
    I stayed up all night: pasé toda la noche sin dormir
    to speak up: hablar más fuerte
    the climate up north: el clima del norte
    I'm going up to Canada: voy para Canadá
    the book turned up: el libro apareció
    she brought the matter up: mencionó el asunto
    8) completely: completamente
    eat it up: cómetelo todo
    9) : en pedazos
    he tore it up: lo rompió en pedazos
    the car pulled up to the curb: el carro paró al borde de la acera
    the game was 10 up: empataron a 10
    up adj
    the sun is up: ha salido el sol
    prices are up: los precios han aumentado
    the river is up: las aguas están altas
    3) : despierto, levantado
    up all night: despierto toda la noche
    4) built: construido
    the house is up: la casa está construida
    5) open: abierto
    the windows are up: las ventanas están abiertas
    the up staircase: la escalera para subir
    7) abreast: enterado, al día, al corriente
    to be up on the news: estar al corriente de las noticias
    8) prepared: preparado
    we were up for the test: estuvimos preparados para el examen
    9) finished: terminado, acabado
    time is up: se ha terminado el tiempo permitido
    to be up : pasar
    what's up?: ¿qué pasa?
    up prep
    1) (to, toward, or at a higher point of)
    he went up the stairs: subió la escalera
    to go up the river: ir río arriba
    3) along: a lo largo, por
    up the coast: a lo largo de la costa
    just up the way: un poco más adelante
    up and down the city: por toda la ciudad
    up
    adj.
    • alto, -a adj.
    • elevado, -a adj.
    adv.
    • alto adv.
    • arriba adv.
    • hacia arriba adv.
    interj.
    • upa interj.
    n.
    • prosperidad s.f.
    • subida s.f.
    prep.
    • arriba de prep.

    I ʌp
    2)

    up a bit... left a bit — un poco más arriba... un poco a la izquierda

    up United! — (BrE) arriba el United!

    b) ( upstairs)
    3)
    a) ( of position) arriba

    up here/there — aquí/allí arriba

    b) (upstairs, on upper floor)
    c) (raised, pointing upward)

    with the lid/blinds up — con la tapa levantada/las persianas levantadas or subidas

    d) ( removed)

    I had the floorboards up — había quitado or levantado las tablas del suelo

    4)
    a) ( upright)

    she's up and about again — (colloq) está dando guerra otra vez (fam)

    5)
    a) (of numbers, volume, intensity)

    prices are 5% up o up (by) 5% on last month — los precios han aumentado un 5% con respecto al mes pasado

    from $25/the age of 11 up — a partir de 25 dólares/de los 11 años

    b) (in league, table, hierarchy)
    6)

    to go up to town — (esp BrE) ir* a la ciudad (or a Londres etc)

    7) (in position, erected)

    is the tent up? — ¿ya han armado la tienda or (AmL) la carpa?

    the pictures/shelves are up — los cuadros/estantes están colocados or puestos

    8) ( going on) (colloq)

    what's up with you? — ¿a ti qué te pasa?

    what's up? — (what's the matter?) ¿qué pasa?; ( as greeting) (AmE) ¿qué hay? (colloq), ¿qué onda? (AmL arg), ¿qué hubo or quiubo? (Chi, Col, Méx, Ven fam)

    9) ( finished)
    10) ( Sport)

    to be one up on somebody — tener* una ventaja sobre algn

    b) ( for each side) (AmE)

    she will be up before the board/judge — comparecerá ante la junta/el juez

    a) ( next to) contra

    to be up against it — estar* contra las cuerdas

    to jump up and down — dar* saltos

    b) ( back and forth) de arriba abajo
    c) ( of mood)
    14)
    15)

    up on — ( knowledgeable) (pred)

    how well up are you on what's been happening? — ¿cuánto sabes or qué tan enterado estás de lo que ha estado sucediendo?

    16)

    up till o until — hasta

    17) up to
    18) (as far as, as much as) hasta

    up to here/now/a certain point — hasta aquí/ahora/cierto punto

    19)
    a) ( equal to)

    it isn't up to the usual standard — no es del alto nivel al que estamos acostumbrados; come up to b)

    she's not up to the job — no tiene las condiciones necesarias para el trabajo, no puede con el trabajo (fam)

    do you feel up to going out? — ¿te sientes con fuerzas/ánimos (como) para salir?

    my spelling is not up to much — (BrE) mi ortografía deja bastante que desear

    that's entirely up to you — eso, como tú quieras

    it's not up to me to decide — no me corresponde a mí decidir, no soy yo quien tiene que decidir

    21)

    to be up to something — (colloq)

    I'm sure they're up to something — ( planning) estoy segura de que algo están tramando or algo se traen entre manos; ( doing) estoy segura de que algo (or alguna travesura etc) están haciendo

    what have you been up to lately? — ¿en qué has andado últimamente?


    II
    1)

    to go up the stairs/hill — subir la escalera/colina

    2)
    a) ( along)

    to go/come up the river — ir*/venir* por el río


    III
    2) ( elated) (AmE colloq) (pred)

    I feel really up at the moment — me siento como en las nubes


    IV
    1.
    - pp- transitive verb (colloq) \<\<price/costs\>\> aumentar, subir; <bid/offer> aumentar, superar

    2.
    up vi

    to up and go — agarrar or (esp Esp) coger* e irse*


    V

    to be on the up and up — (colloq) ( honest) (AmE) \<\<businessman/salesperson\>\> ser* de buena ley, ser* de fiar; ( succeeding) (BrE) \<\<business/company\>\> marchar or ir* cada vez mejor, estar* en alza

    [ʌp] When up is the second element in a phrasal verb, eg come up, throw up, walk up, look up the verb. When it is part of a set combination, eg the way up, close up, look up the other word.
    1. ADVERB
    1) (direction) hacia arriba, para arriba

    he looked up — (towards sky) miró hacia or para arriba

    • to walk up and down — pasearse de un lado para otro or de arriba abajo

    • to stop halfway up — pararse a mitad de la subida

    • to throw sth up in the air — lanzar algo al aire

    • he walked/ran up to the house — caminó/corrió hasta la casa

    • up above (us) we could see a ledge — por encima (de nosotros) or sobre nuestras cabezas podíamos ver una cornisa

    • my office is five floors up — mi oficina está en el quinto piso

    • higher up — más arriba

    • up in the mountains — montaña arriba

    • the jug's up there, on the freezer — la jarra está ahí arriba, en el congelador

    the castle's up there, on top of the hill — el castillo está allí arriba, en la cima del monte

    3) (in northern place, capital etc)

    • how long have you lived up here? — ¿cuánto tiempo llevas viviendo aquí?

    • he lives up in Scotland — vive en Escocia

    • up north — en el norte

    • how long did you live up there? — ¿cuánto tiempo estuviste viviendo allí or allá?

    • to go up to London/to university — ir a Londres/a la universidad

    4) (=standing) de pie

    while you're up, can you get me a glass of water? — ya que estás de pie, ¿me puedes traer un vaso de agua?

    5) (=out of bed)

    to be up — (=get up) levantarse; (=be active) estar levantado

    what time will you be up — ¿a qué hora te levantarás?

    is Peter up yet? — ¿está levantado Peter?

    we were still up at midnight — a medianoche seguíamos sin acostarnos, a medianoche todavía estábamos levantados

    • she was up and about at 6 a.m. — lleva en pie desde las 6 de la mañana

    to be up and about again — [sick person] estar repuesto

    • to be up all night — no acostarse en toda la noche

    • get up! — ¡levántate!

    6) (=raised)

    look, the flag is up! — mira, la bandera está izada

    7) (in price, value)

    • the interest rate has risen sharply, up from 3% to 5% — los tipos de interés han subido bruscamente del 3% al 5%

    • the temperature was up in the forties — la temperatura estaba por encima de los cuarenta

    • prices are up on last year — los precios han subido desde el año pasado, del año pasado a este los precios han subido

    • to be up among or with the leaders — estar a la altura de los líderes

    • she's right up there with the jazz greats — está en la cumbre con los grandes del jazz

    10) (=built, installed)

    the new building isn't up yet — el nuevo edificio no está construido todavía, no han levantado el nuevo edificio todavía

    11) (=finished) [contract etc] vencido, caducado

    when the period is up — cuando termine el plazo, cuando venza el plazo

    time is up, put down your pens — se ha acabado el tiempo, dejen los bolígrafos sobre la mesa

    time is up for the people living here, their homes are to be demolished — a la gente que vive aquí le toca marcharse, están derribando sus casas

    12) (=and over)

    • from £2 up — de 2 libras para arriba

    13) (=knowledgeable)

    • he's well up in or on British politics — está muy al corriente or al día en lo referente a la política británica

    how are you up on your military history? — ¿cómo andan tus conocimientos de historia militar?

    14) * (=wrong)

    • there's something up with him — algo le pasa

    • what's up? — ¿qué pasa?

    what's up with him? — ¿que le pasa?

    16) (Jur)

    to be up before the judge/board — [person] (tener que) comparecer ante el juez/el consejo; [case, matter] verse ante el juez/en el consejo

    17) (=risen)

    • the river is up — el río ha subido

    • the sun is up — ha salido el sol

    • the tide is up — la marea está alta

    18) (Brit) (=under repair)
    19) (US)
    (Culin) *

    two fried eggs, up — un par de huevos fritos boca arriba

    20) (=mounted)

    up (with) Celtic! — ¡arriba el Celtic!

    up against

    to be up against sb — tener que habérselas con algn, tener que enfrentarse a algn

    up and running up for sth

    most politicians up for reelection know this — (=seeking) la mayoría de los políticos que se presentan a la reelección lo saben

    every two years, a third of the Senate comes up for election — cada dos años se renueva una tercera parte del Senado

    to be up for sth * — (=ready, willing) tener ganas de algo

    are you up for it? — ¿estás dispuesto?

    up to (=till, as far as) hasta

    up to now — hasta ahora, hasta la fecha

    up to £10 — hasta 10 libras nada más

    we were up to our knees/waist in water — el agua nos llegaba por or hasta las rodillas/la cintura

    what page are you up to? — ¿por qué página vas?

    to be up to a task — (=capable of) estar a la altura de una tarea, estar en condiciones de realizar una tarea

    they weren't up to running a company — no estaban en condiciones de gestionar una empresa, no estaban a la altura necesaria para gestionar una empresa

    to be {or}3} feel up to sth

    are you (feeling) up to going for a walk? — ¿te sientes con ganas de dar un paseo?

    including to be up to sth * (=doing)

    what are you up to? — ¿qué andas haciendo?

    what are you up to with that knife? — ¿qué haces con ese cuchillo?

    what does he think he's up to? — ¿qué diablos piensa hacer?

    what have you been up to lately? — ¿qué has estado haciendo últimamente?

    to be up to a standard/to much (=equal to)

    the book isn't up to much — (Brit) * el libro no vale mucho

    to be up to sb (=depend on)

    I wouldn't do it but it's up to you — yo (que tú) no lo haría, pero allá tú or tú verás

    I'd go, but it's up to you — por mí iría, pero depende de ti

    if it were or was up to me — si dependiera de mí

    2. PREPOSITION
    1) (=on top of) en lo alto de, arriba de (LAm)

    he was up a ladder pruning the apple trees — estaba subido a una escalera or en lo alto de una escalera podando los manzanos

    to be up a tree — estar en lo alto de or (LAm) arriba de un árbol

    2) (=along, towards the top)

    the heat disappears straight up the chimney — el calor se escapa chimenea arriba, el calor se escapa por lo alto de la chimenea

    • to travel up and down the country — viajar por todo el país

    people up and down the country are saying... — la gente por todo el país dice...

    • they live further up the road — viven en esta calle pero más arriba

    further up the page — en la misma página, más arriba

    • halfway up the stairs — a mitad de la escalera

    • up north — en el norte

    • up river — río arriba

    3)

    • up yours! *** — ¡vete a hacer puñetas! ***

    3. NOUN
    1)

    • ups and downs — altibajos mpl, vicisitudes fpl

    the ups and downs that every politician is faced with — los altibajos a que se enfrenta todo político, las vicisitudes a que está sometido todo político

    2)

    • it's on the up and up — (Brit) (=improving) va cada vez mejor; (US) (=above board) está en regla

    4. ADJECTIVE
    1) (Rail) [train, line] ascendente
    2) (=elated)
    5. INTRANSITIVE VERB
    *
    1) (=jump up)
    2) emphatic

    • she upped and left — (=stood up) se levantó y se marchó, se levantó y se largó *; (=went) fue y se marchó, fue y se largó *

    • he upped and offed — se largó sin más *

    6.
    TRANSITIVE VERB (=raise) † [+ price, offer] subir, aumentar

    • to up anchor — levar el ancla

    * * *

    I [ʌp]
    2)

    up a bit... left a bit — un poco más arriba... un poco a la izquierda

    up United! — (BrE) arriba el United!

    b) ( upstairs)
    3)
    a) ( of position) arriba

    up here/there — aquí/allí arriba

    b) (upstairs, on upper floor)
    c) (raised, pointing upward)

    with the lid/blinds up — con la tapa levantada/las persianas levantadas or subidas

    d) ( removed)

    I had the floorboards up — había quitado or levantado las tablas del suelo

    4)
    a) ( upright)

    she's up and about again — (colloq) está dando guerra otra vez (fam)

    5)
    a) (of numbers, volume, intensity)

    prices are 5% up o up (by) 5% on last month — los precios han aumentado un 5% con respecto al mes pasado

    from $25/the age of 11 up — a partir de 25 dólares/de los 11 años

    b) (in league, table, hierarchy)
    6)

    to go up to town — (esp BrE) ir* a la ciudad (or a Londres etc)

    7) (in position, erected)

    is the tent up? — ¿ya han armado la tienda or (AmL) la carpa?

    the pictures/shelves are up — los cuadros/estantes están colocados or puestos

    8) ( going on) (colloq)

    what's up with you? — ¿a ti qué te pasa?

    what's up? — (what's the matter?) ¿qué pasa?; ( as greeting) (AmE) ¿qué hay? (colloq), ¿qué onda? (AmL arg), ¿qué hubo or quiubo? (Chi, Col, Méx, Ven fam)

    9) ( finished)
    10) ( Sport)

    to be one up on somebody — tener* una ventaja sobre algn

    b) ( for each side) (AmE)

    she will be up before the board/judge — comparecerá ante la junta/el juez

    a) ( next to) contra

    to be up against it — estar* contra las cuerdas

    to jump up and down — dar* saltos

    b) ( back and forth) de arriba abajo
    c) ( of mood)
    14)
    15)

    up on — ( knowledgeable) (pred)

    how well up are you on what's been happening? — ¿cuánto sabes or qué tan enterado estás de lo que ha estado sucediendo?

    16)

    up till o until — hasta

    17) up to
    18) (as far as, as much as) hasta

    up to here/now/a certain point — hasta aquí/ahora/cierto punto

    19)
    a) ( equal to)

    it isn't up to the usual standard — no es del alto nivel al que estamos acostumbrados; come up to b)

    she's not up to the job — no tiene las condiciones necesarias para el trabajo, no puede con el trabajo (fam)

    do you feel up to going out? — ¿te sientes con fuerzas/ánimos (como) para salir?

    my spelling is not up to much — (BrE) mi ortografía deja bastante que desear

    that's entirely up to you — eso, como tú quieras

    it's not up to me to decide — no me corresponde a mí decidir, no soy yo quien tiene que decidir

    21)

    to be up to something — (colloq)

    I'm sure they're up to something — ( planning) estoy segura de que algo están tramando or algo se traen entre manos; ( doing) estoy segura de que algo (or alguna travesura etc) están haciendo

    what have you been up to lately? — ¿en qué has andado últimamente?


    II
    1)

    to go up the stairs/hill — subir la escalera/colina

    2)
    a) ( along)

    to go/come up the river — ir*/venir* por el río


    III
    2) ( elated) (AmE colloq) (pred)

    I feel really up at the moment — me siento como en las nubes


    IV
    1.
    - pp- transitive verb (colloq) \<\<price/costs\>\> aumentar, subir; <bid/offer> aumentar, superar

    2.
    up vi

    to up and go — agarrar or (esp Esp) coger* e irse*


    V

    to be on the up and up — (colloq) ( honest) (AmE) \<\<businessman/salesperson\>\> ser* de buena ley, ser* de fiar; ( succeeding) (BrE) \<\<business/company\>\> marchar or ir* cada vez mejor, estar* en alza

    English-spanish dictionary > up

  • 16 north

    north I n север See east, n. North II a северный Русское прилагательное северный соответствует двум английским прилагательным — north и northern. Прилагательное north употребляется в основном как часть имен собственных — названий стран, морей, административных территорий:

    North America — Северная Америка;

    North Africa — Северная Африка;

    the North Sea — Северное море;

    North Wales — Северный Уэльс.

    Прилагательное northern употребляется в свободных словосочетаниях:

    a northern accent — северный говор, северное произношение;

    the northern part of the country — северная часть страны;

    to move in the northern direction — двигаться в северном направлении.

    Такое же противопоставление характерно для названий остальных стран света — western и West, eastern и East, southern и South.

    English-Russian word troubles > north

  • 17 east

    I [iːst] n

    The town lies to the east of our borders. — Город находится на востоке от наших границ.

    The windows look out on the east. — Окна выходят на восток.

    The sun rises in the east. — Солнце встает на востоке.

    East or West, home is best. B — ◊ гостях хорошо, а дома лучше.

    - east wind
    - in the east
    - east
    - from the east
    - east of smth
    - in the Middle East
    - move to the east
    - blow from the east
    - be in the east
    USAGE:
    Существительные, обозначающие названия стран света: east - восток, west - запад, north - север, south - юг, употребляются с определенным артиклем. Наиболее частые предлоги in и to. In соответствует русскому предлогу на (на востоке), a to - на, к (на восток/к востоку).
    II [iːst]
    восточный, обращённый на восток, идущий с востока
    - east window
    USAGE:
    (1.) Русским прилагательным восточный, западный, северный, южный соответствуют в английском прилагательные east и eastern, west и western, north и northern, south и southern. Прилагательные east, west, north и south употребляются, главным образомб в именах собственных - географических названиях, административных и политических делениях. В таких наименованиях артикль не употребляется, а сами наименования пишутся с заглавной буквы: North America, South America, South Africa, East Africa, North Korea, South Korea. Прилагательные eastern, western, southern, northern употребляются в свободных сочетаниях, таких, как: eastern countries (cities, languages) восточные страны (города, языки); eastern customs восточные обычаи; the western coast of the country западные берега страны; the northern part of the city северная часть города. (2.) See eastern, adj
    III [iːst] adv
    на востоке, к востоку, в восточном направлении

    The winter blows east. — Ветер дует в восточном направлении

    English-Russian combinatory dictionary > east

  • 18 region

    'ri:‹ən
    (a part of a country, the world etc: Do you know this region well?; in tropical regions.) región
    - regionally
    - in the region of
    region n región

    región sustantivo femenino region
    región f Geog Anat Mil region ' región' also found in these entries: Spanish: adelantada - adelantado - arroba - atrasada - atrasado - autonomía - caldo - caribeña - caribeño - comarca - comunidad - degustación - dinamitar - históricamente - latitud - oasis - propagarse - propia - propio - serranía - sierra - suave - tonillo - vinícola - zona - alfajor - arrocero - Ártico - autónomo - caracterizar - Chaco - coya - deshabitado - diseminado - este - explorar - exportador - fecundo - gentilicio - habla - lluvioso - lugar - milonga - nordeste - noroeste - norte - oeste - pampa - poblar - seco English: Antarctic - area - country - district - map - northern - ravage - region - wreak - Arctic - blight - break - Caribbean - coast - decline - deprived - desert - east - frozen - grip - inhospitable - Lake District - lawless - Midwest - north - police - produce - pubic - settle - small - south - southern - survey - tour - undeveloped - uninhabited - wash - west - wine
    tr['riːʤən]
    1 región nombre femenino
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    in the region of aproximadamente, alrededor de
    region ['ri:ʤən] n
    1) : región f
    2)
    in the region of : alrededor de
    n.
    • cantón s.m.
    • comarca (Gobierno) s.f.
    • latitud s.f.
    • país s.m.
    • redonda s.f.
    • región s.f.
    • tierra s.f.
    • zona s.f.
    'riːdʒən
    a) (Anat, Geog) ( area) región f, zona f
    b)

    a sum in the region of... — una suma del orden de...

    ['riːdʒǝn]
    N
    1) [of country, human body] región f, zona f

    the densely populated coastal region — la región or zona costera densamente poblada

    the pelvic region — la región or la zona pélvica

    the regions — (=provinces) las provincias

    2) (=field, sphere) campo m
    3)

    in the region of — (=approximately) aproximadamente, alrededor de

    it will cost in the region of £6 million — costará aproximadamente or alrededor de 6 millones de libras

    I would say she's in the region of 40 — yo diría que ronda los 40, yo diría que tiene unos 40 años

    * * *
    ['riːdʒən]
    a) (Anat, Geog) ( area) región f, zona f
    b)

    a sum in the region of... — una suma del orden de...

    English-spanish dictionary > region

  • 19 east

    east I n восток Существительные названий стран света: east — восток, west — запад, north — север, south — юг употребляются с определенным артиклем. Наиболее частые предлоги in, to. In соответствует русскому предлогу — на (на востоке), a to соответствует — на и к (на восток/к востоку). East II a восточный Русским прилагательным восточный, западный, северный, южный соответствуют в английском прилагательные east и eastern, west и western, north и northern, south и southern. Прилагательные east, west, north и south употребляются главным образом в именах собственных — географических названиях, административных и политических делениях. В таких наименованиях артикль не употребляется, а сами наименования пишутся с заглавной буквы: North America, South America, South Africa, East Africa, North Korea, South Korea. Прилагательные eastern, western, southern, northern употребляются в свободных сочетаниях, таких, как

    eastern countries (cities, languages) — восточные страны (города, языки);

    eastern customs — восточные обычаи;

    the western coast of the country — западные берега страны;

    the northern part of the city — северная часть города.

    English-Russian word troubles > east

  • 20 north

    no:Ɵ
    1. noun
    1) (the direction to the left of a person facing the rising sun, or any part of the earth lying in that direction: He faced towards the north; The wind is blowing from the north; I used to live in the north of England.) norte
    2) ((also N) one of the four main points of the compass.) norte

    2. adjective
    1) (in the north: on the north bank of the river.) norte
    2) (from the direction of the north: a north wind.) del norte

    3. adverb
    (towards the north: The stream flows north.) al norte, hacia el norte
    - northern
    - northerner
    - northernmost
    - northward
    - northwards
    - northward
    - northbound
    - north-east / north-west
    4. adverb
    (towards the north-east or north-west: The building faces north-west.) hacia el nordeste; hacia el noroeste
    - north-eastern / north-western
    - the North Pole
    north n adj adv norte
    we travelled north from Edinburgh to Inverness viajamos hacia el norte, de Edimburgo a Inverness
    tr[nɔːɵ]
    1 del norte
    1 al norte, hacia el norte
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    North Pole Polo Norte
    the North Country SMALLBRITISH ENGLISH/SMALL el norte nombre masculino
    north ['nɔrɵ] adv
    : al norte
    north adj
    : norte, del norte
    the north coast: la costa del norte
    1) : norte m
    2)
    the North : el Norte m
    adj.
    • del norte adj.
    • norte adj.
    • septentrional adj.
    adv.
    • al norte adv.
    • hacia el norte adv.
    n.
    • aquilón s.m.
    • norte s.m.
    • septentrión s.f.

    I nɔːrθ, nɔːθ
    mass noun
    1)
    a) (point of the compass, direction) norte m

    the wind is blowing from o is in the north — el viento sopla or viene del norte or Norte

    b) ( region)

    the north, the North — el norte

    a town in the north of Spain — una ciudad del norte or en el norte de España

    2)

    the North — ( in US history) el Norte, los estados nordistas

    3) North ( in bridge) Norte m

    II
    adjective (before n) <wall/face> norte adj inv, septentrional

    III
    adverb al norte
    [nɔːθ]
    1.
    N norte m

    in the north of the country — al norte or en el norte del país

    the wind is from the or in the north — el viento sopla or viene del norte

    North and South — (Pol) el Norte y el Sur

    2.
    ADJ del norte, norteño, septentrional
    3.
    ADV (=northward) hacia el norte; (=in the north) al norte, en el norte

    this house faces north — esta casa mira al norte or tiene vista hacia el norte

    4.
    CPD

    North Africa N — África f del Norte

    North African

    North America N — Norteamérica f, América f del Norte; North American

    North Atlantic Drift N — Corriente f del Golfo

    North Atlantic route N — ruta f del Atlántico Norte

    North Carolina N — Carolina f del Norte

    North Korea N — Corea f del Norte; North Korean

    North Sea gas N — gas m del mar del Norte

    North Sea oil N — petróleo m del mar del Norte

    north star N — estrella f polar, estrella f del norte

    North Vietnam N — Vietnam m del Norte

    North Vietnamese
    * * *

    I [nɔːrθ, nɔːθ]
    mass noun
    1)
    a) (point of the compass, direction) norte m

    the wind is blowing from o is in the north — el viento sopla or viene del norte or Norte

    b) ( region)

    the north, the North — el norte

    a town in the north of Spain — una ciudad del norte or en el norte de España

    2)

    the North — ( in US history) el Norte, los estados nordistas

    3) North ( in bridge) Norte m

    II
    adjective (before n) <wall/face> norte adj inv, septentrional

    III
    adverb al norte

    English-spanish dictionary > north

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